Its images of Io revealed changes in the moon's surface and the persistence of its volcanic eruptions. The spacecraft resolved the streaks Voyager 1 had shown on Europa into a collection of cracks in a thick and remarkably smooth icy crust.
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The first stage was the stage of intense heating. During this period of time, the hydration reaction of active components such as cement, mineral powder and MEA was intense, and the temperature of reinforced concrete wall increased sharply. This stage lasted about one day, with the highest temperature reaching 56 C. During this period, the concrete is in the state of thermal expansion, and the stress in the concrete is the compressive stress generated by the restraint of the reinforcement and the foundation, which will not cause the concrete to crack. Comparing the data of the reinforced concrete wall in this paper with the temperature of the dam in other publications, it is found that its temperature change is very different from that of the dam [24]. For dams, the heat generated by hydration is large due to the large amount of cement. Moreover, the large width of the dam makes it difficult to dissipate the hydration heat, which makes the temperature rise of the dam continue for 1800 h. After 1800 h, the temperature gradually decreases. So, the activity of MEA in the dam needs to be low to be able to compensate for the later shrinkage. MEA140 in this paper, in contrast, can produce large expansion at an early stage.
The second stage was the rapid cooling stage. During this period of time, the rate of hydration and heat release of cement slowed down significantly. Owing to the large temperature difference between the inside and the outside, the heat from the inner core slowly diffused into the air, thus gradually cooling down. This stage lasted about 7 days, and the internal temperature of the concrete wall was significantly higher than the outside air temperature, resulting in continuous heat dissipation from the wall. In this process, the CR-Ref concrete was in a state of shrinkage due to the temperature drop, and the stress in the concrete was tensile stress owing to the constraint of the steel bar and foundation. In the process, the concrete wall would crack if the tensile stress exceeded the limit of the tensile strength.
Figure 8 shows the distribution of cracks on the surface of the reinforced concrete walls at 28 days. The shrinkage of concrete was limited by steel bars and generated tensile stress. And cracks occurred when the tensile stress exceeded the tensile strength of concrete. At 28 days, many slender cracks (Figure 8a) were distributed on the surface of CR, which indicated that there was a large tensile stress due to shrinkage in the concrete. On the other hand, since the expansion of MEA compensated for the contraction, and the compressive stress was generated under the constraint conditions, this would not cause cracks in the wall. At this time, the wall surface was smooth, and no cracks were found (Figure 8b).
It therefore appears that the actual separation began about one month after the moment of maximum brightness and nearly two months after the perihelion passage. Still, there is little doubt that it is closely related to the processes which led to the dramatic outburst. Further observations will help to refine the description of the break-up process, but a simple explanation is that major cracks and rifts opened in the irregularly shaped icy nucleus already before perihelion as the surface temperature began to increase. Completely ``fresh" cometary material was thereby exposed to the solar light and the evaporation rate increased quickly, releasing more gas and dust into space. In the course of this process, the rifts gradually widened until the definitive breakage occurred somewhat later.
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